Benefits


Crops
- Enhanced taste and quality
- Reduced maturation time
- Increased nutrients, yields, and stress tolerance
- Improved resistance to disease, pests, and herbicides
- New products and growing techniques


Animals
- Increased resistance, productivity, hardiness, and feed efficiency
- Better yields of meat, eggs, and milk
- Improved animal health and diagnostic methods


Environment
- "Friendly" bioherbicides and bioinsecticides
- Conservation of soil, water, and energy
- Bioprocessing for forestry products
- Better natural waste management
- More efficient processing


Society
- Increased food security for growing populations


Controversies


Safety
- Potential human health impact: allergens, transfer of antibiotic resistance markers, unknown effects Potential environmental impact: unintended transfer of transgenes through cross-pollination, unknown effects on other organisms (e.g., soil microbes), and loss of flora and fauna biodiversity
- Access and Intellectual Property
- Domination of world food production by a few companies
- Increasing dependence on Industralized nations by developing countries
- Biopiracy—foreign exploitation of natural resources


Ethics
- Violation of natural organisms' intrinsic values
- Tampering with nature by mixing genes among species
- Objections to consuming animal genes in plants and vice versa
- Stress for animal


Labeling
- Not mandatory in some countries (e.g., United States)
- Mixing GM crops with non-GM confounds labeling attempts


Society
- New advances may be skewed to interests of rich countries

Lee Bei Fang
Temasek poly Yr 3
Applied Food Science and Nutrition


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